Considerations to accelerating and maximize the preclinical studies to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine

Reynaldo Oliva-Hernández; Reynaldo Oliva-Hernández

ISSN: 2640-7590

Journal of Vaccines and Immunology

Opinion Open Access Peer-Reviewed

Considerations to accelerating and maximize the preclinical studies to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine

Reynaldo Oliva-Hernández*

Author and article information

Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Habana, Cuba

*Corresponding author: Reynaldo Oliva-Hernández, Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Habana, Cuba, E-mail: [email protected]

DOI: 10.17352/jvi.000037

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8198-9161

Received: 18 January, 2021 | Accepted: 23 January, 2021 | Published: 25 January, 2021

Cite this as

Oliva-Hernández R (2021) Considerations to accelerating and maximize the preclinical studies to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine. J Vaccines Immunol 7(1): 001-003. DOI: 10.17352/jvi.000037

Main article text

Introduction

The emergence of novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its rapid spread across the world have triggered a global health emergency without preceding. From the first report of COVID-19 at Wuhan city of China in December 2019 until today there has been an outbreak of COVID-19 around the world, with 97, 831, 595 confirmed cases and 2, 120, 877 death cases [1,2] and this number keeps growing.

Do not exist yet an effective drug is found for treating COVID-19 and a specific vaccine is the most promising hope. Therefore, intensive researches are urgently needed to speed up preclinical and clinical stages of the vaccines candidates, with the idea to provide some considerations to accelerating and maximizing the preclinical studies to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine, go this preclinical elements to share.

To achieve this aim, it is necessary to establish regulatory mechanisms to accelerate the development of vaccine candidates. The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Coalition of Drug Regulatory Authorities (ICMRA) and the Food and Drug administration FDA have made considerations or recommendations that allow accelerating the advancement of potential vaccines, if this one are based on vaccine platforms known platforms known [3,4]. Therefore, the previous preclinical and clinical safety features of other vaccines based on the same platform can be used to support accelerated advancement to early phases of clinical trials of new vaccine candidates based on known platforms.

How would it be possible to accelerate the development of a vaccine from years to months?

First has been the current context of the pandemic caused by COVID-19 that has allowed a redirection and a new approach to use both known drugs and non-specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to try to stop this disease.

Second, the accumulated experience and the scientific information available have been the fundamental basis to arrive at a non-clinical evaluation strategy of a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2; from which a risk analysis must be carried out, based on the concept that it would be a product based on a platform of known vaccines. Where the main risk would be associated with the duration of the non-clinical evaluation of the vaccine candidate, which could be significantly reduced by demonstrating that it would be based on a known platform. After these elements have been demonstrated, the risk associated with the non-clinical safety of the vaccine can be mitigated, showing that previous vaccines from the same development platform are safe and have passed the non-clinical and clinical toxicological evaluation phases.

The guidelines issued by the different international regulatory entities for conducting non-clinical evaluations or studies of drugs, biopharmaceuticals, vaccines and adjuvants (EMA, ICH, FDA, WHO), establish the need to comply with an extensive analytical battery non-clinical toxicological safety studies such as acute toxicity studies, single dose, local tolerance, repeated dose toxicity, reproduction studies, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, teratogenesis, genotoxicity and immunotoxicology, among others [5-10]. Strict compliance with these tests implies years of studies and animal experimentation, which is why these same agencies have adjusted these regulations in the face of the global emergency caused by this coronavirus and the urgent need for vaccines to control the global epidemic.

Third, the design of the non-clinical toxicological evaluation of future vaccine candidates must be supported by the safety data accumulated by the other products of the platform, taking into account the known safety profiles of the components of the preceding vaccines, eg: the adjuvant (Aluminum), antigen-carrier proteins (Tetanus toxoid), or biomolecules with immunopotentiating properties such as the outer membrane vesicle of N. meningitides (OMV), which have been evaluated in preclinical toxicological studies and in clinical trials as components of commercial vaccines registered for use in humans [11,12]. In this sense, the general principle that biopharmaceuticals that are pharmacologically similar to a product for which there is extensive clinical experience, may require only a complementary non-clinical toxicological evaluation, is supported not only by the position papers of the WHO, ICMRA and FDA, due to the current epidemiological situation caused by COVID-19, but also in the 2001 ICH/S7A guide for preclinical evaluation of biopharmaceuticals [13].

Optimize experiments to get more early safety information

Finally, it is possible not only to accelerate the development of vaccine candidates against COVID-19, but it is also possible to maximize the evidence of efficacy and non-clinical safety from the first trial in animal models [14-16]. For this, the experimental design is key, where in most of the studies carried out in animals, not all the possible information is obtained, the historical tendency has been to answer one, two or three questions, in one or more animal models, eg.: immune response, dose levels, immunization schemes, protection, among others.

However, even knowing that the first experiments are based on formulations carried out at the laboratory level, under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and that these are not Good Manufacture Practice (GMP) prepared. In these “basic” studies can be assess in parallel, early elements of toxicity in immunogenicity schemes carried out in animals as safety criteria. The parameters to evaluate toxicity can be, the observation of clinical signs, the behavior of the body weight, the consumption of water, food, the body temperature, the local response to the administration of the product and macroscopic evaluation (necropsy). These parameters will make it possible to demonstrate the safety of the vaccine candidate with predictive value not only towards the toxicological studies themselves, but also towards the entire strategic projection of the product.

Summary, it is possible not only to accelerate non-clinical studies, maximize vaccine responses, but also reduce evaluation time from years to months.

Acknowledgments

I thank to anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that improved the quality of this paper.

References

Copyright

© 2021 Oliva-Hernández R. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.