Parasitological Consequences Followed Dysentery Infections in Mesopotamia

Mays Kadhim Oleiwi; Samadov Aabdic; Mays Kadhim Oleiwi; Samadov Aabdic

ISSN: 2455-5363

Global Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research

Research Article Open Access Peer-Reviewed

Parasitological Consequences Followed Dysentery Infections in Mesopotamia

Mays Kadhim Oleiwi and Samadov Aabdic*

Author and article information

Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Health & Medical Techniques, Al-Forat Al-Awsat University, Iraq

*Corresponding author: Samadov Aabdic, Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Health & Medical Techniques, Al-Forat Al-Awsat University, Iraq, E-mail: [email protected]

doi: 10.17352/2455-5363.000061

Received: 01 August, 2024 | Accepted: 12 August, 2024 | Published: 13 August, 2024

Keywords: Dysentery; Mesopotamia; GSE; CBC; Deoxycholate citrate agar medium

Cite this as

Oleiwi MK, Aabdic S. Parasitological Consequences Followed Dysentery Infections in Mesopotamia. Glob J Infect Dis Clin Res. 2024;10(1): 012-016. Available from: 10.17352/2455-5363.000061

Copyright

© 2024 Oleiwi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

When compared to the opposing addresses in this research report, the present investigation revealed significant data (p < 0.05) about dysenteric infection rates in male patients, elderly patients, and rural places. Additionally, the infections with dysenteric agents were demonstrated using GSE and deoxycholate citrate agar media. The hypothesis is positioned beneath the statistical pyramid probability center by more structural research.

Main article text

Introduction

Dysentery is a gastrointestinal ailment causing severe diarrhea with blood or mucous, abdominal discomfort, fever, incomplete feces, and potential complications like dehydration [1].

Dysentery mostly comes in two forms:

Amoebic dysentery, also known as amoebiasis, is primarily caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, while other parasites include Balantidium coli and Strongyloides stercoralis.
Bacillary dysentery is a common bacterial infection caused by Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli, with E. coli being the most common type.

Distemper can be lethal if left untreated. See your healthcare practitioner if you experience any dysentery symptoms or diarrhea, caused by Shigella or Entamoeba bacteria, chemicals, protozoa, or parasitic worms, which can spread between individuals due to fecal contamination from improper sanitation, leading to gastrointestinal inflammation [2].

Traveling to high-risk countries can prevent dysentery by practicing handwashing and food safety precautions, and ensuring adequate water or oral rehydration solution during the illness’s recovery period [3].

Shigella causes 1.1 million deaths and 165 million diarrhea cases annually, primarily in underdeveloped nations. Entamoeba histolytica causes over 50% of diarrhea cases in unsanitary regions, causing millions of misery and 55,000 fatalities [4].

Dysentery, a prevalent condition with over 1.7 billion reported cases globally, varies in symptoms depending on the type of illness.

Amoebic dysentery

The majority of cases of amoebic dysentery are symptomless.

Mild symptoms of amoebic dysentery may include: Diarrheal disease, High body temperature, Stooling and nausea, and a decrease in weight. , Distressed abdomen. In rare circumstances, the parasite may spread to other bodily parts and cause an abscess [3].

Bacillary dysentery

Bacillary dysentery can cause the following symptoms: Bloody or mucusy diarrhea, High body temperature, vomiting and nauseous, Severe cramping in the stomach (abdominal pain), severe renal damage, big intestinal dilatation, and severe inflammation are possible consequences of severe dysentery.

Bacillary dysentery is a common type of dysentery, characterized by moderate symptoms like loose stools, diarrhea, and stomach aches. It’s caused by bacteria affecting bowel movements, feces, blood, pus, or mucus. Caustic situations may include severe abdominal cramping, shock, fever, and disorientation [5].

In hazardous situations, individuals may pass over one liter of liquid in an hour, often experiencing bloody diarrhea, low-grade fever, and abdominal discomfort. Dysentery can also cause rapid weight loss and muscle pains, potentially leading to systemic infection.

An occasional bloodstream infection by the amoebic parasite might cause it to go outside of the intestines. In such circumstances, it may more dangerously infect other organs, including the liver, brain, and lungs [6].

Dysentery is a highly contagious disease caused by bacterial and parasitic diseases. Human-to-human transmission of parasites or germs often occurs when an infected person’s feces enter the mouth of another. Transmission may take place when: Food is prepared by someone with inadequate hygiene or without washing their hands, Consuming tainted water, or intercourse, particularly when it concerns the anus.

When foreign germs infiltrate your body and cause a serious infection, you have bacillary dysentery. Bacteria that frequently cause bacillary dysentery include the following:

Shigella, which leads to shigellosis. , Salmonella, which causes salmonella, Campylobacter, which causes campylobacteriosis and Escherichia coli which leads to E. coli infection.

A certain type of parasite that enters your body might cause amoebiasis. Amoebiasis is caused by a parasite, and a stool culture is ordered by a healthcare practitioner. A specific container and one-use spoon are provided. To collect waste, line toilet rims or defecate into an alternative container [7].

Your doctor may recommend a sigmoidoscopy to confirm or rule out alternative symptoms, using a specialized scope to examine the colon and lower rectum [5].

A quick examination and a history can be used to make an analysis. Hematochezia, or the passing of new blood via the anus, usually in or through feces, is not to be mistaken for dysentery.

The skin, mouth, and lips may appear dry due to dehydration. Lower abdominal tenderness may also be present [7].

Oral rehydration is used to maintain fluids in dysentery patients but may require hospital admission if vomiting or diarrhea prevents treatment. Antimicrobial medication should be initiated after identifying the illness, and in limited laboratory access, a combination of antibiotics and amoebicidal treatment may be necessary [8].

Shigellosis can be treated with antibiotics like TMP-SMX or ciprofloxacin, but public antibiotics are losing effectiveness in many forms, and impoverished nations, effective drugs may be difficult to find [9].

Two antimicrobial medications, such as metronidazole and paromomycin or iodoquinol, are frequently used to treat amoebic dysentery. In 2013, Shigella is thought to have killed 40,000 adults over the age of five and 34,000 children under the age of five. Over 50 million individuals contract amoebiasis annually and 50,000 of them pass away (one per thousand) [10].

Materials and methods

1. Location of procedure

From March to October 2023, this process was carried out in the Health and Medical Technical College laboratories of Al-Forat Al-Awsat Technical University in Kufa.

2. Case model

In our study, 381 patients of various ages and genders were included. After receiving a diagnosis in the hospital, patients had their samples collected, put in the appropriate tubes and containers, and then taken to the lab.

3. Sample collection

381 cases’ worth of feces and blood were taken, analyzed in the lab, and then separated into several categories to provide information on the data findings.

4. Cultural medium

The selective medium known as Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) is used to grow Shigella dysenteriae and other Shigella species, as well as Salmonella spp. It is obtained from commercial scientific offices through digital marketing and contains a concentration of deoxycholate and citrate salts that inhibit the growth of most intestinal flora and many gram-positive bacteria. It was produced in the USA by Biocompare, Inc.

5. Stool examination

To determine the organism causing dysentery, cultures of stool samples are analyzed. Because the quantity of amoebae varies every day, it is usually necessary to collect many samples.

6. Hematological tests

Abnormalities in the levels of blood cells were measured using blood samples.

7. Clinical chemistry

Deviations in the concentrations of vital minerals and salts can be detected by blood testing.

8. Histopathological tests

Stool section slides were inspected under a compound microscope to look for tissues and cells damaged during amebiasis.

9. Statistics

The T-student test was used to validate the confidence probability, and following [11], the interpretation requested an SPSS test.

10. Demographic map

A mapping tool that displays information on the amoeba-infected population in Iraq in 2018.

Results

The results of the biostatic analysis showed why the likelihood range for male dysenteric infection cases was less than that of female cases.

When comparing the probability of dysenteric infections, older individuals are more impacted than younger ones (p < 0.05).

In a similar vein, the population of rural areas reports a higher rate of dysenteric injuries than that of urban people (p < 0.05).

“Figure 1” shows the statistical examination of the distribution of dysentery based on many factors.

Sghigella dysenteriae colonies in the Deoxycholate Citrate Agar medium are colorless as a result of non-lactose fermentation (NLF). The colonies of Shigella dysenteriae in Salmonella Shigella Agar medium are colorless (Figure 2). Shigella dysenteriae does not create hydrogen sulfide.

Cysts and trophozoites are seen simultaneously in GSE instances, depending on whether the disease is acute, chronic, or carrier. The Entamoeba histolytica cyst and trophozoites are described in Figure 3.

Additional GSE results included large concentrations of WBCs, RBCs, and monilia when seen using microscopes.

WBCs and eosinophils were slightly increasing, according to CBC examinations. The concentration of platelets and red blood cells rises with time. Elevated creatinine values and high CRP levels were explained by clinical chemistry testing.

The microscopic analysis of stool samples revealed pus cells and epithelial-tear tissues (Figure 4).

Discussion

The current study evaluated the frequency of intestinal parasites among patients that cause dysentery. This suggests that the prevalence of parasite infection varies geographically. The differences might result from variances in the research population’s characteristics, the geographic dispersion of the population, or the diagnostic methods employed in this and previous investigations [12-14].

Based on the participants’ gender, the prevalence of intestinal protozoa and parasites was evaluated in the current investigation. The findings indicated a noteworthy difference (p < 0.05) in parasite infection cases between research participants who were male and female [15-18].

The results of the biostatic analysis explained why male dysenteric infections were higher than female ones. This could be because men are more independent and spend more time outside, where they are more likely to be infected by parasites. It could also be because men engage in activities like swimming, bird watching, farming, and other hobbies that put them in close contact with potential sources of infection [18-20].

The study also discovered a significant frequency of diarrhea among underweight older persons, with older patients more afflicted than younger ones when comparing dysenteric infection probability (p < 0.05). Given that undernutrition has been linked to diarrhea in the past [21-23], improper nutrition among older people may be one possible reason for this observation.

Once more, research conducted in a remote South Indian village revealed that undernutrition increased the risk of severe diarrhea. Furthermore, environmental as well as personal hygiene are important risk factors for acute diarrhea. Because of their incapacity to take care of themselves and maintain proper personal hygiene, it is conceivable to explain why infections among the elderly have increased [24,25].

There is a notable disparity in the prevalence of diarrhea in rural and urban areas. The likelihood of contracting the illness is higher among those who reside in rural regions. It has been discovered that using unimproved drinking water, having poor sanitation, and having limited access to medical services in rural regions are all positively correlated with a high frequency of diarrhea [25].

Conclusion

Early diagnosis contributes to the identification of the cause of the parasite and thus the choice of the most appropriate treatment. Treatment strategies demonstrate the effectiveness of current treatments and their success in eliminating parasites. This may include assessing the effectiveness of different medicines and comparing different treatment strategies. Prevention and education emphasize the need for health education and prevention of dysentery by improving personal hygiene practices, providing clean water, and reducing environmental pollution. Analysis of the impact of environmental and social factors on the spread of dysentery, such as living conditions and public health behaviors. Future research includes the identification of areas requiring further research, such as the development of new vaccines or more effective and less toxic medicines.