Implications for general practitioner of evolution of incidence rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people as of December 2021 with the highest spike of infections of the entire pandemic

Jose Luis Turabian; Jose Luis Turabian

ISSN: 2455-5479

Archives of Community Medicine and Public Health

Research Article Open Access Peer-Reviewed

Implications for general practitioner of evolution of incidence rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people as of December 2021 with the highest spike of infections of the entire pandemic

Jose Luis Turabian*

Author and article information

Specialist in Family and Community Medicine, Health Center Santa Maria de Benquerencia. Regional Health Service of Castilla la Mancha, (SESCAM), Toledo, Spainn

*Corresponding author: Jose Luis Turabian, Specialist in Family and Community Medicine, Health Center Santa Maria de Benquerencia. Regional Health Service of Castilla la Mancha, (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain, Tel: 34-925230104; Email: [email protected]

DOI: 10.17352/2455-5479.000168

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8463-171X

Received: 10 January, 2021 | Accepted: 20 January, 2022 | Published: 21 January, 2022

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Breakthrough infection; Attack rate; General practice

Cite this as

Turabian JL (2022) Implications for general practitioner of evolution of incidence rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people as of December 2021 with the highest spike of infections of the entire pandemic. Arch Community Med Public Health 8(1): 008-012. DOI: 10.17352/2455-5479.000168

Copyright Licence

© 2022 Turabian JL. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

From the extension of the COVID-19 vaccination in December 2020 to the end of the summer of 2021, cases of breakthrough Infection in vaccinated people were rare and their attack rate was low (0.01%-5.5%). Of course, in light of the increase in vaccination rates, breakthrough Infection in vaccinated people progressively could represent the majority of all COVID-19 cases. But at the end of December 2021, the world registered the highest number of COVID-19 infections in a week. Just a few months ago, the evolution that seemed reasonable was thought to be the elimination of the pandemic. But Delta, and Omicron after, arrived; and we weren’t expecting them. The latter clearly evades immunity against vaccine-based infection, and breakthrough infections are becoming more common. This situation causes certain effects at the community level and has implications for the general practitioner: 1. Availability of vaccines has brought about a change that, when they began to be applied, seemed much more promising than it is currently; 2. This context may increase denial regarding COVID-19 vaccines; 3. Vaccination has contributed to an appreciable reduction in the number of serious and critical clinical cases; 4. Attack rates in vaccinated will increase as the proportion of vaccinated increases; 5. The importance of booster doses when immunity falls; 6. Incidence rates at the community level and official diagnostic tests will no longer be important.

Main article text

Introduction

The widespread availability of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines was the most exciting medical event in healthcare, in 2021 [1]. So far we know that the majority of COVID-19 patients after vaccination tend to have a mild illness or even remain asymptomatic [2]. It must be taken into account that in view of the increase in vaccination rates, where these are high, the breakthrough cases progressively represent the majority of all COVID-19 cases. In the absence of third doses, the breakthrough cases remain relatively mild. But, decreased immunity or further evolution of the virus could also mean that breakthrough cases worsen, making booster injections essential [3-5].

Data support that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines induce immunity: protection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection decreases during the first months (but protection against serious infections remains relatively durable). High levels of pre-existing antibodies are probably required to prevent initial infection, while prevention of severe disease can be achieved by subsequent immune enhancement by anamnestic antibodies by memory cells and activation of cell-mediated antiviral immunity. Thus, the public health implications of preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, and the current uncertainty about the long-term clinical consequences of COVID-19, favor the use of booster doses [6-8].

However, at the end of December 2021, the world registered the highest number of COVID-19 infections in a week (Six and a half million coronavirus infections in a week). The United States registered 1,082,549 new cases of coronavirus on January 4, 2022, a daily figure that had not been reported anywhere in the world during the pandemic [9]. In this way, the previous record, which was set at the end of April 2021, when the focus of the pandemic was in India, was surpassed and, on average, more than 800,000 cases were registered per day. The current rise in cases is concentrated in Europe and North America.

On the European continent, it is about to exceed half a million new cases, on average, per day [10,11]. Up to February 15, 2022, an estimated projection of 250,000 COVID-19 daily cases of Omicron spread was made in the worst scenario and 170,000 in the best scenario, in England [12]. Even, that data may be conservative after it was finished writing this. It is impossible to forecast the number of cases; omicron grows exponentially and we will probably never get a forecast right [13].

In this context, this article aims to reflect on this surprising and unexpected evolution of the incidence rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people (which instead of decreasing as the proportion of vaccinated increases, they increase exponentially), as well as some repercussions at the general medicine level of this evolution.

Methods

For the literature review, a pragmatic approach was used that was based on a non-systematic or opportunistic narrative review considered the bibliographic references of selected articles and opportunistic searches on the Internet. This article should be understood as a personal view, based on the author’s experience and the literature review as described above.

Discussion

The surprising evolution of the incidence rate of breakthrough infections in vaccinated people has direct implications at the General Practitioner (GP) level, on which it is desirable to reflect in order to act at the local level (Table 1). The fundamental concepts of general medicine are basic pillars for COVID-19 care: Comprehensiveness and integrality; Continuity; Context and contextualization; Uncertainty; Complexity; Community; Patient-centered Interview; Biopsychosocial Model; Actors and resources/strengths of the patients; Medicalization and technology; Familia; Meaning of Symptoms; Diagnosis and treatment; Concept of health and disease; and Variability. These basic pillars of general medicine apply to the care of COVID-19 give place to key areas of reflection and intervention for the GP [14-16].

We did not expect it

The painter Ilya Repin painted the picture “They did not expect Him” (1884-1888, oil on canvas, Tetriakov Gallery, Moscow) [17]. To the astonishment of his family, an exiled Russian revolutionary returns to his house without warning. In the painter, he managed to make a masterful study of the different faces of surprise that human beings can put on. Each of the characters reacts differently to the arrival of man. In the same way, the different health actors, planners, politicians, etc., and the population as a whole have been left surprised by the explosive evolution of breakthrough infections in vaccinated people.

Just a few months ago, it was thought that based on reported vaccine efficacy data, as worrisome as breakthrough infections seemed, they were still relatively rare [18]. Until the summer of 2021, reported rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people ranged from 0.01% to 5.5% (except in one outbreak, where 57% was found). Thus they were reported rates of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.09%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.55%, 1.5% and 5.5%, according to geographic location, type of people vaccinated (nursing homes, workers health, general population), time since vaccination, predominance of new variants of SARS. CoV-2, inclusion or not of asymptomatic patients, etc [18-32].

The relentless march of Omicron

On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) named variant B.1.1.529 (omicron) of SARS-CoV-2, first detected in South Africa, as a variant of concern. By November 29, 2021, three days after the WHO announcement, cases of omicron variant infection had already been detected in many other countries [33,34]. The highly transmissible Omicron variant has spread around the world, infected millions of people, and has proven too rapid to detect, even in countries with high vaccination rates.

Availability of vaccines has brought about a change that, when they began to be applied, seemed much more promising than it is being

Mass vaccination has not served to control community transmission of the virus. Despite the fact that worldwide, vaccination began in December 2020, if pairs of countries with similar epidemiological data are compared, curves with very different vaccine coverage can be observed, which seems to indicate that the vaccine had little impact on the epidemic of SARS-CoV-2 [35]. That is, surprisingly, mass vaccination has not served to control community transmission of the virus [36].

The seemingly reasonable evolution of the elimination of the pandemic (it was accepted that occasional sporadic outbreaks of COVID-19 would inevitably occur, but could be contained quickly, thanks to a comprehensive and effective vaccination program, widespread testing, and a virus with a code relatively stable genetics for which our immune system would generate lasting protection), surprisingly is not being fulfilled. Delta arrived. And then Omicron, and “we weren’t expecting it.” The latter variant clearly evades immunity against vaccine-based infection, and breakthrough infections are becoming much more common [37].

Vaccine effectiveness has changed dramatically in the Omicron era: booster protection against omicron infection lasts for less time; Third doses or boosters with the Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna vaccines in those who completed schedules with Pfizer/BioNTech or AstraZeneca provide a protection level against symptomatic infection by the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that falls from 60%-75% after two to four weeks from application to 35%-45% when 10 weeks have passed; this is a more accelerated loss of effectiveness than verified with delta. However, they are still likely to continue to prevent a significant number of hospitalizations and deaths [38].

One study found reduced effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine of 70% in Omicron vs. 93% compared to hospitalization for COVID-19; the addition of a booster dose of the vaccine may mitigate this reduction in vaccine efficacy [34]. Another study analyzed the neutralization efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the beta, delta, and omicron variants; Low neutralization efficacy was found with two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the wild-type virus and the delta variant, evaluated more than 5 months after receiving the second dose, and no neutralization efficacy against the omicron variant. Again, the importance of the third dose of vaccine is clear. However, even with three doses of vaccine, neutralization against the omicron variant was lower (by a factor of 4) than against the delta variant. And the durability of the effect of the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine has not yet been determined [33].

In this regard, based on an analysis of 148,000 Delta cases and 68,000 Omicron cases in the UK up to 20 December 2021, it has been published that booster injection protection against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant seems to wear off in about 10 weeks. Among those who received two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine, a booster of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine was 60% effective in preventing symptomatic disease 2 to 4 weeks after injection. But after 10 weeks, the Pfizer booster was 35% effective and the Moderna booster was 45% effective. Among those who received three doses of Pfizer, the vaccine’s effectiveness was 70% about a week after the booster but dropped to 45% after 10 weeks. At the same time, those who received an initial two-dose series of Pfizer vaccine and then a Moderna booster appeared to be 75% effective for up to 9 weeks [38]. Beyond protecting against severe forms of the disease, if the effectiveness of current vaccines is not sustained over time and the wave of omicron does not create herd immunity, next-generation vaccines will need to be developed.

Vaccination has contributed to an appreciable reduction in the number of serious and critical clinical cases

The longing for a decisive solution probably distorts the perception of reality. And, although vaccination has contributed to an appreciable reduction in the number of serious and critical clinical cases, it does not absolutely prevent the spread of the infection, which can also recur without our knowledge to what extent [38]. At this time, we should be able to assess that the increase in infections is not necessarily associated with an increase in clinically serious or critical cases [38]. Omicron evades the immune response and everything indicates that it does not have greater lethality. Those who are vaccinated would still face a world with COVID-19, but for the vast majority, this would have minimal impact. Exposure is most likely to result in mild illness, with the added benefit of increased mucosal immunity. Of course, cases would increase, and severe cases would increase among the unvaccinated [37].

The number of cases observed on the dates this article is written (first days of January 2022) may surprise us as unexpected and confuse us in decisions, so it is better to focus on the severity that this new wave could bring to countries more vaccinated.

Apart from the uncertainty about the true intrinsic severity of the omicron variant, which appears to be less severe [39-41], the good news is that its effects in today’s world are much lower, thanks to the combination of vaccination, natural defenses due to previous infections and that possible greater lightness of the virus. Models from the University of Washington estimate that 90% of omicron cases will be asymptomatic compared to 40% of the previous variants [42]. The omicron variant infection is less severe in those vaccinated. Delta or omega infection is also less serious. But on the other hand, the risk of becoming infected only clearly decreases among those who have three doses. Surely, and due to the mere fact of having a more vaccinated population, those hospitalized will be more frequently vaccinated.

This context may increase denial regarding COVID-19 vaccines

This scenario can fuel people’s denial of the COVID-19 vaccination. Thus, the role of the GP will be especially important in the transmission of scientifically and emotionally appropriate messages, since it can know its patients as people, their needs and desires, their preferences and idiosyncrasies, sometimes their fears and hopes [43,44].

Will incidence rates and diagnostic tests cease to be important?

Current vaccines with the Omicron variant are not effective enough to prevent infections and transmission, so attack rates in those vaccinated with one or two doses will increase as the proportion of vaccinated increases [13]. Thus, it is very likely that all people on the planet who have not yet been infected or vaccinated will eventually become infected. It is only a matter of time [37]. Thus, collecting data on incidence rates at the community level may no longer be important. In addition, the exponential increase in cases with a very high community transmission de facto prevents, due to the impossibility of resources and due to real utility, the tracing of contacts; what has been officially discontinued in some places, being reserved for some high-risk contacts [45].

With the vaccination dams, we are resisting very hard, but in the end, the tsunami will defeat us. We are all going to infect each other, thus we will obtain our immunity booster against the disease, only patients who arrive at the hospital will be tested. And then the question will arise of vaccinating the elderly and/or people with comorbidities each year with a suitable vaccine, which could even be combined with influenza. It would no longer be a “zero COVID-19” strategy, but rather to live with the endemic disease [46].

The importance does not reside so much in vaccinated, which already seems established that with two doses they notably avoid serious disease, and with three they reduce the risk much more, but with those not vaccinated or vaccinated with a single dose, although also for those where we know that the efficacy of vaccines is lower, such as those over 65 years of age, immunosuppressed and patients with comorbidities [47].

In the first weeks of the year 2022, nothing else is expected then to see how the cases increase. The saturation of health care services is already seen in some places, but the saturation of the centers for conducting diagnostic tests is more marked. Rapid antigen tests could be of great help to decentralize and alleviate this tension. In a patient with symptoms and at times of great viral circulation, such as this one, the probability that if the test is positive the person has the disease is as high as 98%, and although 43 out of every 1,000 tests may be false negatives, surely always believing in the test result seems to be advantageous. It may be different in asymptomatic patients, but even in this group the positive predictive value of an antigen test also exceeds 98%, but 10 out of 100 patients may have a false negative. The provision of tests for the same people to detect themselves is something that is done in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe. But, compared to its advantages, there are its disadvantages: traceability or epidemiological monitoring of COVID-19 will be lost [47]. On the other hand, and last but not least, is the task of attending to Long COVID-19 [48,49].

Conclusion

The effectiveness of vaccines has changed dramatically in the Omicron era. This situation originates certain effects at the community level and has certain implications for the general practitioner (Table 1): 1. The availability of vaccines has brought about a change that, when they began to be applied, seemed much more promising than it is currently; 2. This context may increase the denial of vaccines against COVID-19; 3. Vaccination has contributed to a significant decrease in the number of serious and critical clinical issues; 4. Attack rates in vaccinated will increase as the proportion of vaccinated increases; 5. The importance of booster doses; 6. Incidence rates at the community level and official diagnostic tests will no longer be important. The general practitioner should reflect on these effects of the evolution of COVID-19 and propose actions at their work level in relation to them.

Table 1: Community-level effects and implications for the general practitioner of the evolution of breakthrough infections incidence rate in vaccinated people.
Community-level effects of evolution of breakthrough infections incidence rate in vaccinated people	Implications for the general practitioner
1. Availability of vaccines has brought about a change, but when they began to be applied seemed much more promising than it is being	To be clear about the important results of vaccination. Avoid a unique conclusion; to understand that this "surprise" produces different reactions to the different health actors, planners, politicians, etc. and the population as a whole
2. Denial of COVID-19 vaccines	Need for persuasive patient-centered advice from the general practitioner level
3. Vaccination has contributed to a significant reduction in the number of serious and critical clinical cases	The risk of becoming infected only clearly decreases among those with three doses. Need for vaccination of patients with higher risks. The importance does not reside so much in vaccinated (which already seems established that with two doses they notably avoid serious disease, and with three they reduce the risk much more), but with those not vaccinated or vaccinated with a single dose, although also for those where we know that the efficacy of vaccines is lower, such as those over 65 years of age, immunosuppressed and patients with comorbidities
4. Attack rates in vaccinated will increase as the proportion of vaccinated increases	This fact does not imply any failure of the vaccines. You probably really measure your success. Redefine the value and meaning of the incidence rate
5. The fall of immunity	Need for vaccine boosters. Rigorously encourage patients to follow the public health standards of masking and social distancing
6. Incidence rates at the community level and official diagnostic tests will no longer be important	Rapid antigen tests could be of great help to decentralize the saturation of central services. Provision of tests for the same people to self-detect. Search for family contacts at the local level. Maintenance of the registry of cases and contacts at the GP level to maintain traceability and epidemiological follow-up. The task of attending to Long COVID-19.